I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %)
 

1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. (    D   )1.1-6

A. small B. large

C. fixed D. free
 

2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. (  A     )1.3-8

A. agree with B. disagree with

C. be the same as D. be different from
 

3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. (  A     )1.5.1-13

A. Terminology B. Jargon

C. Slang D. Argot
 

4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. (   C    )2.3-30

A. fast food B. TV dinner

C. Mao jackets D. Watergate
 

5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. (   D    )2.4-32

A. own B. let

C. rent D. lend
 

6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. (   A    )2.2.2-28

A. full B. short

C. long D. paralleled
 

7. The plural morpheme“-s” is pronounced as /z/ in the following words EXCEPT ______________. (  D     )3.2-38

A. bottles B. eggs

C. zoos D. maps
 

8. There is/are _____________ free morphemic word(s) in the following words: wind, man, reddish, collection. (    B   )3.3.1-39

A. l B. 2

C. 3 D. 4
 

9. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ____________. (   B    )3.3.2-41

A. likes B. dislike

C. liking D. liked
 

10. The most productive means of word-formation are the following EXCEPT _______________. (   B    )4-45

A. affixation B. blending

C. compounding D. conversion
 

11. Prefixes generally do not change the __________ of the stem. (   C    )4.1.1-46

A. meaning B. form

C. word class D. pronunciation
 

12. The word “dorm” is formed by _________clipping. (   A    )4.5-65

A. back B. front

C. phrase D. front and back
 

13. The word “reading-lamp” is _______ motivated. (   B    )5.2.2-84

A. onomatopoeically B. morphologically

C. semantically D. etymologically
 

14. The synonymous pair of “ask－question” has the same___________. (   D    )5.1.2-83

A. motivation B. value

C. function D. concept
 

15. In the sentence “East or west, home is best”, “home” has its __________ meaning of “family, safety, love”, etc. (   B    )5.3.2-88

A. grammatical B. connotative

C. stylistic D. collocative
 

16. Semantically, a word which is related to other words is related to them in____________.(  A     )6-95

A. sense B. spelling

C. morpheme D. root and stem
 

17. _____________, the derived meanings, no matter how many, are secondary in comparison. (    A   )6.1.1-97

A. Synchronically B. Diachronically

C. Etymologically D. Onomatopoeically
 

18. The antonyms used in the proverb “Speech is silver; silence is golden” are ____________. (  A     )6-131

A. speech-silence B. golden-silver

C. speech-silver D. silence-golden
 

19. In Shakespearean line ‘Rats and mice and such small ‘deer’, ‘deer’ obviously designates ‘anima’ in general. Therefore ‘deer’ is a typical example of _________. (    C   )7.1.2-137

A. extension B. elevation 

C. narrowing D. degradation
 

20. Observation shows that it is much more common for word meanings to change in denotation from neutral to ____________ than it is for them to go the other way. (   D    )7.1.4-139

A. important B. agreeable

C. respective D. pejorative
 

21. Among the following words only“________ ” expresses the property of elevation. (   C    )7.1.3-138

A. lust B. criticize

C. knight D. silly

22. Which of the following is NOT one of the main functions of context? (  C     )8.2-154

A. Elimination of ambiguity. 

B. Indication for referents. 

C. Understanding of cultural background. 

D. Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning. 
 

23. Which of the following is NOT a context clue? (    D   )8.2.3-157

A. Definition. B. Example. 

C. Synonymy. D. Sentence structure. 
 

24. The sentence “The ball was attractive” is ambiguous due to_______________. (   C    )8.2.1-155

A. grammatical structure B. lexical context

C. homonymy D. polysemy
 

25. Which of the following is one of the characteristics of idioms? ( A      )9.1-162

A. Semantic unity. B. Lexical manipulation. 

C. Phonetic unity. D. Structural variation. 
 

26. Which of the following is NOT one of the rhetoric characteristics of idioms in general?(   B    )9.3.2-169

A. Stylistic features. B. Syntactical features. 

C. Rhetorical features. D. Occasional variations. 
 

27. The idiom “bed of dust” is a ___________ as far as figures of speech are concerned. (  B     )9.3.2-175

A. simile B. metaphor

C. metonymy D. personification
 

28. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary is a(n) _____________ dictionary. (   B    )10.1.3-187

A. unabridged B. desk

C. pocket D. encyclopedic
 

29. When we choose a dictionary, we should not pay attention to whether it is _____________. (   D    )10.2.1-188

A. monolingual or bilingual B. general or specialized

C. early or late D. unabridged or abridged
 

30. Readers will usually find in a general dictionary the following areas of information of a word EXCEPT _______________ . (    D   )10.2.2-191

A. spelling B. definition

C. pronunciation D. difference with its synonyms。

 

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. ( 15% )

 

31. The jargon of criminals is generally referred as ___argot__________. 1.5.1-15

32. From the historical overview of the English vocabulary, the language spoken from 1150 to 1500 is called ___Middle__________ English. 2.2.2-26

33. The morpheme is the smallest ____functioning___unit in the composition of words. 3.1-38

34. The formation of new words by joining two or more stems is called __compounding____. 4.2-51

35. Unlike conceptual meaning, ____associative______________ meaning is open-ended and indeterminate. 5.3.2-87

36. From the ___diachronic___ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth to be the result of growth and development of the 

37. Changing in word _____meaning_________ has never ceased since the language came into being and will continue in the future. 7-135

38. Based on the ______lexical________________ context, we can determine the meaning of “do the flowers” as “ arrange the flowers”. 8.1.2-152

39. The stylistic features of idioms are ____colloquialisms____, slang and literary expressions. 9.3.1-171

40. The user-friendly features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English are its clear grammar codes, _____usage______ and language notes. 10.3.1-197
 

III. Define the following terms. ( 15% )
 

41. free morphemes 3.3.1-39

答案：

Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.

42. allomorphs 3.2-38

答案：

Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs .

43. affixation 4.1-46

答案：

Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.

44. polysemy 6.1-95

答案：

Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. This is particularly true of highly developed languages like English.

45. linguistic context 8.1-149

答案：

Context is used in different senses. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context, which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.
 

IV. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. ( 20% )

46. What is the difference between root and stem? 3.4-42

答案：

A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further anal¬ysed without total loss of identity. A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes.

47. What is collocative meaning of a word? Please take “pretty” and “handsome” as an example to illustrate your point. 5.3.2-91

答案：

Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. The synonyms of pretty and handsome offer good illustration. These two words share the conceptual meaning of ‘good-looking’, but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with.

48. By the criterion of grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into five groups. Name the five groups and match the following expressions with them as their examples respectively. 9.2-165

 “white elephant”     “look into”    “beyond the pale”

 “tooth and nail”      “Never do things by halves. ”

答案：

Idioms Nominal in Nature. eg: white elephant

Idioms Adjectival in Nature. eg:beyond the pale

Idioms Verbal in Nature.eg: look into

Idioms Adverbial in Nature. eg:tooth and nail 

Sentence Idioms. eg:Never do things by halves. 

49. What contextual clues do you often use to help you in guessing the meanings of new words?

 Demonstrate these clues with examples. 8.2.3-157

答案：

Context clues vary a great deal but can be summed up as fol¬lows：

(1) Definition . Often we find that the author gives formal defi¬nition immediately after the new term, e.g.Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird- whistell.

(2) Explanation . If the concept is complicated and must in¬volve technical terms in its definition, the author might explain the idea in simple words. That is, he might make a restatement in known words e.g.It's just one more incredible result of the development of mi¬croprocessors—those tiny parts of a computer commonly known as ‘silicon chips，.

(3) Example. In some cases, instead of giving a formal defini¬tion or explanation, the author may cite an example which is suffi¬cient to throw light on the meaning of the term, e.g.

Many United Nations employees are polyglots . Ms. Mary, for example, speaks five languages.
 

V. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. ( 20% )
 

50. Analyze and comment on the following TWO sentences to illustrate the differences between blending and clipping. 

 The program will be telecast simultaneously to nearly 150 cities. 

 It sounds much better in stereo. 4.4-4.5(63-64)

答案：

Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. In the first sentence, the word telecast is a blend, which comes from television+ broadcast.

The way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains in¬stead .This is called clipping. stereo (stereophonic) in the second sentence is made by back clipping.

51. Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font. 

 A: “Why is Sunday the strongest day?”

 B: “Because all the others are week days. ”6.2.4-102

答案：

As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired ef¬fect of, say, humour, sarcasm or ridicule.

Week days means days from Monday to Friday. And week and weak are homophones which identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. The answer use week’s homophone weak because it is the antonym of strong.

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