湖南成人教育學位英語【閱讀理解】
閱讀方法實例講解

 
在閱讀文章的過程中要留意文章以及段落的主題句，正確答案的選項往往與主題句或某一部分的中心詞有關系。在閱讀的過程中，要注意勾劃一些詞語，比如but，while，however等表轉折，not放在句子開頭表示強調突出的句子，強調句型，破折號后面的部分(往往表示解釋說明)，這些往往都是考點經常出現的地方。
 
學位英語閱讀理解的閱讀方法主要有以下幾種：
 

（一） 略讀

 
略讀（或稱為跳躍式閱讀）的重點在于找出一個段落的中心思想。可以運用詞匯手段（如詞根、前綴、后綴等）、靠上下文猜測詞義等方法了解不認識的詞匯或句子的含義。在此基礎上，一個不容易理解的段落可以通過詞匯省略的方法找出其主要的思想或觀點。段落的理解在很大程度上取決于對其中句子的理解。英語中由于存在許多從句，常常使不適應英語思維的人感到困惑，產生錯覺，因而難于達到對段落意義的正確理解。略讀則可以幫助我們解決這個難點。
 
略讀的方法是首先看一下標題（在標題的情況下）。接著讀第一段，抓住中心思想。再瀏覽一下其他段落的首句和末句。最后讀完結尾段，這樣就達到了略讀的目的。
 
略讀要點一、將不熟悉的困難詞語放棄不讀，領會句子大意。
 
略讀要點二、閱讀中有時會遇到一些較長的句子，可以通過語法結構了解什么是支撐主題的細節描寫句，略去細節描寫的部分，直接讀出其中心含義。
 
略讀要點三、特別注意那些重要的構詞和標點符號，因為它們可能會導致重要詞匯意義的改變。
 
通常，略讀適用于考查文章主旨或大意的試題。
 
例：
 
After a day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day .The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day.
 
There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your muscles relax little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other.
 
Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream, Scientists who study sleep state say that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly (although your eyelids are closed). This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands rapid eye movement.
 
If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believe that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep!
 
Question: A good title for this passage is____.
 
A. sleep
B. good health
C. dreams
D. work and rest
 
說明：本題屬于主旨型試題，答案為A項。全文共分為四段。第一段說明睡眠的重要性；第二段解釋睡眠的四個階段用睡眠中肌肉、心跳各大腦的活動；第三段指出做夢時伴有眼球活動這一現象；第四段告訴我們治療失眠的辦法。這四段一環扣一環，始終沒有離開睡眠這一主題，所以A項是正確答案?；卮鸨绢}時，考生無需逐句地讀，只讀首句或末句就行了。
 

（二） 速讀

 
無論是在我們平時的閱讀，還是在考試時的閱讀，常常需要了解段落的主題或文章的中心思想，還需要掌握一定的細節。這時，我們就得運用另一種閱讀技巧，它就是我們這里將講的迅讀。迅讀是一種比一般速度高一倍以上的閱讀方法，目的是迅速從文中找到所需信息，解決問題。
 
迅讀要領一：首先確定你需要什么事實和細節，并對其形式進行估計。
 
迅讀要領二：在略讀中由于對各段落和句子已進行過分析，已大致了解主題和細節，并進行過勾勒，這時就可以考慮確定在什么地方去找自己需要的有關細節或說明。
 
迅讀要領三：盡快用眼睛掃過文章，找到自己需要的細節描述部分，并在有關句子下做出各種記憶符號。文章瀏覽完畢，再將劃線部分（或做其他符號）重新詳讀一次，并進行適當推理。
 
通常，迅讀法適用于事實、細節型閱讀理解試題。
 
例：
 
    Languages are complex and wonderfully complicated organs of culture: they embody the quickest and the most efficient means of communicating within their respective culture; in the words of a poet and philosopher,” As many languages as one speaks, so many lives one lives”. A culture and its languages are as inseparable as brain and body; while one is a part of the other, neither can function without the other. In learning a foreign language, the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language, its gestures, its body language. Eye contact is extremely important in English. Direct eye contact leads to understanding, or, as the English maxim has it, seeing eye-to-eye. We can never see eye-to-eye with a native speaker of English until we have learned to look directly into his eyes.
 
Question: According to this passage, the best way to learn a foreign language is____.
 
A to read the works of poets and philosophers
B to find a native speaker and look directly into his eyes
C to begin by learning its body language
D to visit a country where English is spoken
 
說明：本題屬于細節型試題，答案為C項。原文中的第四名“In learning a foreign language, the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language, its gestures, its body language.”，其中“non-verbal”意為“非語言的”。此句大意為：學外語最好由非文字性語言因素開始經，即從學習講這種語言的人的手勢、肢體語言入手。因此“to begin by learning its body language”正好與題意吻合，故應推斷C項為正確答案?？忌恍柽\用迅讀法，快速找到這句話所在位置，然后根據句意做出正確的判斷。
 

（三） 研讀法

 
除了在閱讀理解中運用略讀法和讀法之外，有時還需要仔細閱讀文章的某一特定部分，力求對其有較深的理解，或對其進行歸納、總結、推斷等。這時就需要對這部分仔細閱讀，以便理解作者言外之意。這種仔細的閱讀方法就研讀法，通常適用于推斷型閱讀理解試題。
 
例：
 
    Very high waves are destructive when they strike the land. Fortunately, this seldom happens. One reason is that out at sea, waves moving in one direction almost always run into waves moving in a different direction. The two sets of waves tend to cancel each other out. Another reason is that water is shallower near the shore. As a wave gets closer to land, the shallow bottom helps reduce its strength.
 
But the power of waves striking the shore can still be very great. During a winter gale, waves sometimes strike the shore with the force of 6,000 pounds for each square foot. That means a wave, 25 feet high and 500 feet along its face, may strike the shore with a force of 75 million pounds.
 
    Yet the waves, no matter how big or how violent, affect only the surface of the sea. During most raging storms, the water a hundred fathoms(600 feet) beneath the surface is just as calm as on a day without a breath of wind.
 
Question: From your reading of the paragraph, which of the following is true?
 
A.At a depth of 1,200 feet the effects of a violent surface storm are frightful.
B.A submarine commander navigating his vessel at a depth of 700 feet will not be affected by a raging surface storm.
C.A typhoon 500 miles out at sea can stir up the ocean bed.
D. If high waves can strike the shore with a horizontal force of 75 million pounds, the vertical force of such waves can have an even greater effect upon the ocean floor.
 
說明：本題答案為B項。此項為判斷題。在本文報后一段，作者表述的意思為：不管海浪多高，多兇猛，它只影響到海面以下有限的深度。即使在最大的風暴中，600英尺以下嘗試的水域也會像沒有一絲風的白天那樣風平浪靜。選頊A意為“狂風巨浪會對1200英尺以下的水域造成可怕的影響”；B項意為“一名在水深700英尺以下駕駛潛艇行的指揮員有會受海面上的狂風巨浪的影響”；C項意為“風速每小時500英里的臺風能海底的東西掀上來”；D項意為“如果巨浪襲擊海岸的力量水平方向為75000000磅，那么它的垂直方向作用在海底的力量比水平方向作用力還要大”。根據最后一段內容，只有B項正確，因為潛艇是在700英尺以下水域航行。A項，C項與B項矛盾，可以排除，D項在短文中沒有涉及。正是基于對這部分進行研讀，考生才能夠得出正確答案。
 

（四）整體閱讀

 
一篇文章是一個整體。文章作者通過整篇文章的構思、布局、對事物的論證、說明、敘述和描寫等方法向讀者傳授知識和信息。知識和信息是存在于整篇文章之中，而不是存在于孤立的詞句之內。在閱讀句、段、篇時都應從整體原則出發。這樣才能既理解字面含義，又能洞察深層含義；既能看到上下文呼應的語言結構，又能體會到字里行間的潛在含義；既能了解文章的各局部的含義，又能抓住文章的中心思想，從而對整篇文章達到較高層次的理解。
 
整體閱讀有兩個層次：
 
（1） 篇章的閱讀。在閱讀一篇文章時，應從五個方面駕馭整篇文章，遵循如下的模式：文章的標題；作者；基本內容；事實；文章的特點、爭議和批評意見。這樣可以避免盲目性和疏忽遺漏。閱讀時，可把主要精力放在有用信息上，大大減少處理無用作息的時間，并使信息條理化，以便理解和吸收。
 
（2） 句、段的閱讀。句子是一個整體，段也是一個整體。閱讀句子時，如果不太長，要一口氣讀完。這樣不僅讀速快，而且有助于理解。當然，英語句子一般比較長，不能一口氣讀完。這時應以較大的意群為單位進行閱讀。所謂意群是指句子中可以分開來看的各個部分，每個部分都有其相對獨立的意義。
 
把句子和段落看成整體并不意味著要把句中所有的詞、段落中所有的句子都看得同等重要。一個句子中有些詞是關鍵詞，有些詞只是結構信號，有些詞只表示輔助信息。對前者應注意，對后兩者可一掃而過。
 
例:
 
If there is any single factor that makes for success in living, it is the ability to profit by defeat. Every success I know has been achieved because the person was able to analyze defeat and actually profit by it in his next undertaking. Confuse defeat with failure, and you are doomed to failure. For it isn't defeat that makes you fail; it is your own refusal to see in defeat the guide and encouragement to success.
 
Defeats are nothing to be ashamed of. They are routine incidents in the life of every man who achieves success. But defeat is a dead loss unless you do face it without humiliation, analyze it and learn why you fail. Defeat, in other words, can help to cure its own cause. Not only does defeat Prepare us for success, but nothing can arouse within us such a compelling desire to succeed. If you let a baby grasp a rod and try to Pull it away he will cling more and more tightly until his whole weight is suspended. It is this same reaction which should give you new and greater Strength every time you are defeated. If you exploit the power which defeat gives, you can accomplish with it far more than you are capable of.
 
11 what does the author know?
 
A He knows at lest several cases o f success.
B He knows every success in life.
C It's not mentioned in the passage.
D He knows every success that has been achieved by man.
 
通讀全文，應該選擇A。
 


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