一、時態(tài)：

 
我們需要特別注意以下幾種情況和句型結構：
1.一般現(xiàn)在時可以代替將來時，用于時間和條件狀語從句中。例如：
 
1)Return the book immediately to the library as soon as you _____ it.
A. finish
B. are finished
C. have finished
D. are finishing
答案A。
 
2)Please be sure to telephone me the next time you _____.
A. will come
B. would come
C. shall come
D. come
答案D。
 
2.在“This is the first time…”結構中，后面的從句用現(xiàn)在完成時。
句子開頭也可以用it代替this
例：This is the first time that I have met Jane.
 
3.在“It/This is +形容詞最高級+名詞后面的從句中，用現(xiàn)在完成時。”
例：This is one of the best books _____ on the subject.
A. that have ever been written
B. which have ever been written
C. that has ever been written
D. whatever have been written
答案為A。
 
4.在“It is/has been＋時間段＋since…后邊用過去時。”
例：It has been twenty years since I left my hometown.
 
5.在“no sooner…than”和“hardly… when…”結構中，主句部分用過去完成時，從句部分用過去時。例如：
1)I had no sooner returned than he called.
2)We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
 
6.在“It is (high) time后邊的從句中用過去時。”
例：It is time that we had a rest.
 
 

二、語態(tài)：

 
1. 語態(tài)是表示主語與謂語之間關系的一種形式。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。
 
考查時態(tài)與語態(tài)的題通常結合在一起，尤其是被動語態(tài)，除了注意它的一般時態(tài)之外，還要注意它進行時態(tài)及完成時態(tài)的變化。如：
 
He told me that a highway was being built here.
 
他告訴我這里正在建造一條高速公路。
 
2. 另外還需注意有些動詞，其形式雖是主動，但具有被動的含義。
 
1）當感官動詞作系動詞時,例如：
 
Good medicine tastes bitter.
 
良藥苦口。
 
This material feels very soft.
 
這種衣料摸起來非常柔軟。
 
2）還有一些及物動詞作不及物動詞時，也可以表示被動含義，如：
 
This pen doesn’t write well.
 
這支筆不好使。
 
此類動詞不多，常見的有cut, lock, open, peel, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write 等。
 
練習：
 
1. Last night, on his way home, he was ____________ on the head by something hard.
 
A. striked      B. stroke      C. struck       D. striken
 
2. “Did you say that our neighbor ________________ in the accident?”
 
A. badly hurt    B. was badly hurted     C. was badly hurt     D. had badly hurted
 
3. While I ____________ my spectacles, I _____________ a pen.
 
A. was looking for … found             B. was looking for … looked for
 
C. was finding … found                D. was finding … looked for
 
4. If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking her until she __________.
 
A. does        B. has done      C. will do     D. would do
 
5. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _______________ the newspaper completely.
 
A. replaced     B. have replaced     C. replace     D. will replace
 
6. She ought to stop work. She has a headache because she ______________ too long.
 
A. has been reading          B. had read         C. is reading          D. read
 
7. By the end of this month, we surely ____________ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
 
A. will have found       B. have found       C. will be finding      D. are finding
 
8. We ______________ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
 
A. just have had         B. had just had      C. just had             D. have just had
 
9. Our school ___________ for the summer at the end of June.
 
A. to be closed          B. closing           C. closes             D. to close
 
10. Send for a doctor quickly. The old man __________.
 
A. will die             B. is dying           C. dies               D. died
 
練習答案：
 
01-05：CCAAD    06-10：AABCB
 
 

三、情態(tài)動詞：

 
1．情態(tài)動詞無人稱變化，在句子中和動詞原形一起組成謂語。只有ought后面接to do。
情態(tài)動詞后接完成時的用法:情態(tài)動詞用來表示能力、允許、許諾、可能、必須、勸告、意愿等概念或態(tài)度。
 
2．must＋現(xiàn)在完成時結構：這一結構表示對過去一個動作比較有把握的猜測。
例：I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.
A. would have had
B. could have had
C. should have had
D. must have had
答案為D。
 
3．should (ought to )have done用來表示本來應該做卻沒有做的事情。
例：I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.
A. had a telephone
B. have phoned
C. should have phoned
D. should be phoned
答案是C。中文意思是“我很抱歉我沒能在他走之前和他聯(lián)系上，我本應早點兒給他打電話的。”
 
4．could＋現(xiàn)在完成時，表示本來能做的事情而沒有做。
例：Mary _____ that coat, but she chose to lend the money to a needy neighbour.
A. could have bought
B. must have bought
C. can buy
D. could buy
答案為A。瑪麗本來可以買那件大衣的，但是她把錢借給一個更急需的鄰居了。
 
 

四、虛擬語氣：

 
虛擬語氣是動詞的一種特殊形式，用來表達說話人的愿望、請求、意圖、建議、驚奇、設想等。虛擬語氣是英語語法的難點，考生必須熟練掌握。以下從五個方面介紹。
 
1．虛擬條件句中虛擬語氣的運用：虛擬條件句從時間上又分為與現(xiàn)在事實相反，與過去事實相反，與將來事實可能相反三種情況。表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的，if從句用過去式，主句用would（或could, should, might）加原形動詞。與過去事實相反的，if從句用過去完成時，主句用would（或could, should, might）+have done結構。與將來事實可能相反的，if 從句用should (或were to)加動詞原形，主句用would加動詞原形。
 
1）If a better material _____, the strength of the part would have been increased.
A. had been used
B. had been using
C. being used
D. using
根據(jù)前面的講解，正確答案為A。
 
2）Had the weather been good, the children _____ out for a walk.
A. had gone
B. could have gone
C. would go
D. went
答案為B。與過去的事實相反。當if從句中含有were, had, should這三個詞時，if可以省略，主謂倒裝。
 
2．某些動詞后的賓語從句以及某些名詞后的表語或同位語從句中虛擬語氣的運用，這些動詞或名詞包括：suggest(suggestion),propose(proposal),advise (advice),demand, insist, order, request, require, recommend, desire, ask, decide等表示建議、命令或要求的詞。在這些從句中，謂語形式為should加動詞原形，should可以省略。
 
例：The general’s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important task.
A. would leave
B. leave
C. left
D. have left
答案為B。
 
3．在It is desired(或desirable), It is important等結構后面的主語從句中，動詞用原形或should+原形動詞。這些結構有： It is suggested, It is requested, It was ordered, It is necessary, It is essential. It is vital, It is urgent, It is impossible, It is preferable, It is advisable, It was proposed等。
 
例：It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week,
A. comes
B. will come
C. come
D. may come
答案為C。
 
4．在would rather, as if/though以及wish后邊that從句中虛擬語氣的運用。
 
1）I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.
A. come
B. would come
C. came
D. have come
答案為C。would rather后面的從句中，動詞形式用過去式。
 
2）He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.
A. knows
B. knew
C. had known
D. would have know
正確答案為B。在as if/though后邊的方式狀語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反或對現(xiàn)在的情況有所懷疑，動詞用過去式；如果表示的是想象中的過去的動作，用過去完成時。本句表示對現(xiàn)在的情況有所懷疑。
 
3）You look as if you had seen a ghost.
此句中as if 后邊是說話人想象中的過去的動作，所以用過去完成時。
 
4）I wish I knew his address.
在wish后邊的從句中，如果指現(xiàn)在或將來的愿望，動詞用過去式。這句話告訴我們說話人并不知道他的地址。
 
5）Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college.
A．could study
B. studied
C. had studied
D. would study
答案為C。在wish后邊的從句中，如果表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望，動詞用過去完成時。
 
5．在It is (high) time后邊的that從句中，動詞用過去式，表示該做某事了。
例：Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?
A. give up
B. gave up
C. would give up
D. should give up
答案為B。
 
虛擬語氣專項練習：
 
1. We desire that the tour leader ____________ us immediately of any change in plans.
 
A. inform          B. informs         C. informed             D. has informed
 
2. It was proposed that the matter ___________ discussed at the next meeting.
 
A. will be          B. was            C. could be              D. be
 
3. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ___________ on the way.
 
A. goes wrong       B. should go wrong     C. went wrong       D. would go wrong
 
4. It is essential that these application forms __________ back before the deadline.
 
A. must be sent      B. will be sent          C. are sent          D. be sent
 
5. It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time ____________?
 
A. we are going home               B. we go home
 
C. we went home                   D. we can go home
 
6. I’d rather you _____________ make any comment on the issue for the time being.
 
A. didn’t         B. wouldn’t            C. don’t         D. shouldn’t
 
7. That tree looked as if it ____________ for a long time.
 
A. hasn’t been watered          B. didn’t water
 
C. hadn’t been watered          D. wasn’t watered
 
8. She didn’t go to the party, but she does wish she _____________ there.
 
A. has been          B. had been         C. would have been       D. would be
 
9. ____________ the whole situation, I wouldn’t have said it.
 
A. If I should know              B. Had I known
 
C. If I knew                    D. Were to know
 
10. The traffic was very heavy; otherwise I ______________ here 30 minutes sooner.
 
A. could have been      B. would be         C. should be            D. had been
 
練習答案：
 
01-05：ADBDC       06-10：ACBBA
 
 

五、非謂語動詞：

 
動詞非謂語形式包括不定式，動名詞和分詞，它們在句子中不能充當謂語，可以分別充當主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。雖然非謂語形式不能充當謂語，但它們?nèi)匀槐Ａ袅藙釉~的某些特征，比如說它們可以有自己的賓語，補足語或狀語以及自己的邏輯主語，能成為句子的獨立成分。
 
動詞非謂語形式有一般時、進行時和完成時三種形式以及相應的主動與被動形式。在解答有關動詞非謂語形式的試題時，應特別注意以下幾點：
 
1．英語中有些動詞后跟不定式作賓語，有些動詞后面則接動名詞作賓語，還有一些動詞的后邊既可以接不定式，也可以接動名詞，有時意義不變，但有時卻在意義上大不相同，所以必須牢記有關非謂語形式的基本知識。
 
 
1）We shall appreciate _____ from you soon.
A. being heard
B. hearing
C. to hear
D. having been heard
答案是B。appreciate 這個詞后面只能接動名詞，且應該是其一般式。
 
2）The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told
B. be told
C. being told
D. having told
短語動詞confess to中的to是介詞，不是動詞不定式符號，因此選項A和B可以排除。選項C是動名詞的被動式，而動名詞后邊已經(jīng)有了賓語a lie ,因此動名詞不能是被動式，因此正確答案是D。用完成形式的動名詞表示這個動作在主要動詞之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生。
 
3）We all feel sorry for _____ for so long after your arrival.
A. keep you waiting
B. having kept you waiting
C. waiting for you
D. keep you wait
答案為B。
 
2．非謂語動詞作賓語補充語時，要弄清哪些動詞后面可以跟不定式作賓補，哪些動詞后面可以跟分詞作賓補。
 
1）Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house _____ so well.
A. to be decorated
B. to decorate
C. be decorated
D. decorating
decorate是及物動詞，因此可以排除B和D，C項缺了不定式的符號to，因此正確答案為A。
 
2）There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself _____.
A. hearing
B. being heard
C. to hear
D. heard
hear 在本句中是及物動詞，據(jù)此可以排除A和C，B項選擇形式不對，因此D是正確答案。
 
3）The manager has his employees _____ a business report every week.
A. to write
B. written
C. writing
D. write
答案為D。have和get后面接賓補時，要用過去分詞或無to不定式。
 
4）we are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer.
A. to rearrange
B. rearrange
C. rearranged
D. rearranging
答案為C。
 
3．非謂語動詞作狀語時，尤其是分詞作狀語時，要注意分詞的邏輯主語必須和句子的主語一致。
例：Arriving at the bus stop, _____ waiting there.
A. he found a lot of people
B. a lot of people were
C. he found a lot of people’s
D. people were found
根據(jù)上面所述，可以首先排除B和D，C項中的people’s結構不對，正確答案只能是A。
 
4．掌握好非謂語動詞形式時態(tài)和語態(tài)的正確使用。如果非謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主要謂語動詞所表示的動作之后或同時，用一般式，如果非謂語動詞表示的動作在主要謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，則用完成式。非謂語動詞的邏輯主語是動作的發(fā)出者還是接受者決定了應當用主動式還是被動式。
例：The famous novel is said _____ into Chinese.
A. to have translated
B. to be translate
C. to have been translated
D. to translate
答案為C。
 
非謂語動詞練習：
 
1. It is no good ____________ to come now. He is busy.
 
A. if you ask him      B. to ask him      C. asking him       D. that you ask him
 
2. He was lucky to escape __________ to prison.
 
A. sending            B. being sent       C. to be sent        D. sent
 
3. The bedroom needs _____________.
 
A. clean              B. to clean         C. cleaned          D. cleaning
 
4. His parents ______________ last week, the child has no one to look after him.
 
A. having died        B. died             C. dead            D. having dead
 
5. ____________ a teacher in the university, it is necessary to have at least master’s degree.
 
A. Become           B. To become       C. One becomes      D. Becoming
 
6. There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _________ trouble.
 
A. making            B. to make         C. to have made       D. having made
 
7. I have heard both teachers and students ____________ well of him.
 
A. to speak            B. spoken         C. to have spoken      D. speak
 
8. Mrs. Brown is supposed ____________ for Italy last week.
 
A. to have been left     B. to be leaving     C. to leave            D. to have left
 
9. When _______________ the education systems of China and Britain, the professor gave no comment.
 
A. being asked to compare              B. asked him to compare
 
C. asking him to compare               D. asked to compare
 
10. You will see this product _________ wherever you go.
 
A. to be advertised      B. advertise         C. advertised         D. advertising
 
練習答案：
 
01-05：ABDAB   06-10：BDDAC



湖南成人教育學位英語【語法】重點詳細解析（1）：免費下載（word文檔）