一、從句：
考試涉及到的從句主要有四種，分別是定語從句、狀語從句（特別是讓步狀語從句），賓語從句和主語從句。下面分別給同學們提示一些需要注意的問題。
1．定語從句
定語從句又分限制性和非限制性定語從句。考生要特別注意非限制定語從句的用法。從形式上看，限制性定語從句由who ,whom ,whose ,which ,that 等關系代詞或when ,why, where等關系副詞引導，不用逗號把主句和從句分開。而非限制性定語從句中不會出現that，而且要用逗號把主句和從句分開。
1）An old friend from abroad, _____ I was expecting to stay with，telephoned me from the airport .
A. that
B. whom
C. who
D. Which
這是一個非限制性定語從句，正確答案是B，因為此處的whom 是stay with 的邏輯賓語。
2）The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water.
A. them
B. that
C. which
D. those
正確答案為C。在非限制性定語從句中，關系代詞前面可能會有介詞，在介詞前面還可能有其它限定詞，這就更復雜一些，需特別注意。
2．狀語從句
狀語從句有很多種，讓步狀語從句是個難點。讓步狀語從句主要由以下一些詞或詞組引導：though, although, even if, even though, whether…or…, no matter wh-(或how), whatever(whoever, whichever等)。
1） _____，you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.
A. No matter whomever you are
B. In whomever you are
C. Whoever you are
D. No matter who are you
四個選擇項中，A中的Whomever多了ever，B項中in whomever部分格式不對，D項的語序不對，只有C是正確的。
2）Young _____ he is, he knows what is a right thing to do.
A. that
B. as
C. although
D. however
正確答案是B。as也可以引導讓步狀語從句，但通常把被強調的形容詞或副詞等放在句首。
3．賓語從句
賓語從句比較簡單，它在主從復合句中充當賓語成份，通常可以由that，if, whether及what引導。使用賓語從句時應注意的是，有時可以設it為形式賓語，真正賓語是后邊的從句。
例：I always take it for granted that I am far more intelligent than he is.句子的it指代的是后邊that從句的內容。
4．主語從句
主語從句在主從復合句中充當主語，可以引導主語從句的詞有what, that以及who, why, where, when等連接代詞或連接副詞。為避免頭重腳輕，特別是在口語中，通常設it為形式主語，與下邊這些結構連用。
It is a pity that … It is an honor that …
It is a shame that …It is a good thing that …
It is a fact that … It is a surprise that …
以及
It is strange that …It is surprising that …
It is true that … It is fortunate that …
It is necessary that … It is possible(impossible)that …
1）It is desirable that he _____.
A．gives up trying
B. give up trying
C. would give up trying
D. is going to give up trying
答案B。本句也是一種虛擬語氣句。
2） _____ I saw was two men crossing the street.
A. What
B. Whom
C. Who
D. That
答案為A。
從句專項練習：
1. ____________ makes mistakes must correct them.
A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever
2. He works too hard. That is __________ is wrong with him.
A. that which B. that what C. what D. the thing what
3. He asked her ___________ she thought she could manage to come the Wednesday of the following week.
A. what B. that C. if D. as
4. Jack could ask for leave on condition _____________ he was really ill.
A. for that B. that C. of which D. in which
5. He spoke confidently, ___________ impressed me most.
A. so that B. that C. it D. which
6. People are still talking about the historic event of years ago, ____________ man walked in space for the first time.
A. when B. how C. because D. while
7. It wasn’t such a good dinner _________ she had promised us.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
8. __________ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A. That B. Which C. As D. It
9. They decided to chase the cow away ___________ it did more damage.
A. unless B. until C. before D. after
10. I’ll accept any job _________ I don’t have to get up early.
A. lest B. as long as C. in case D. though
練習答案：
01-05：CCCBD 06-10：ACCCB
二、倒裝句：
1. 否定詞放置句首時, 助動詞或be 動詞要放置主語的前面進行倒裝. 常用的否定詞有：not, scarcely, barely, seldom, not until, little, (in)under no circumstance, by no means, no sooner… than)。
Not until I reminded him for the third time _____ working and looked up.
A. that he stopped
B. does he stopped
C. did he stop
D. that he stopped
答案為C。
2．Only＋adv. 句子要倒裝。
1）Only under such a condition will he make steady progress.
只有在這樣的條件下，他才會取得扎實的進步。
3. nor, neither, so 用于句首時, 句子要倒裝。
So little _____ about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me.
A. did I know
B. I had known
C. I knew
D. was I know
答案為A。
4. 虛擬條件句中省略if時要倒裝。
_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.
A. If I realized
B. Had I realized
C. Did I have realized that
D. As I realized
答案為B。
三、強調句：
強調句句型
我們這里主要講陳述句的強調句型：It is/ was + 被強調部分（通常是主語、賓語或狀語）+ that/ who（當強調主語且主語指人）+ 其它部分。
e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
他是昨天碰見的李平。
注意：
1. 構成強調句的it本身沒有詞義；強調句中的連接詞一般只用that, who，即使在強調時間狀語和地點狀語時也如此，that, who不可省略；強調句中的時態只用兩種，一般現在時和一般過去時。原句謂語動詞是一般過去時、過去完成時和過去進行時，用It was … ，其余的時態用It is … 。
2. not … until … 句型的強調句
句型為：It is/ was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其它部分
e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
強調句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
3. 謂語動詞的強調
1）It is/ was … that … 結構不能強調謂語，如果需要強調謂語時，用助動詞do/ does或did。
e.g. Do sit down. 務必請坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他確實給你寫了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 過馬路時，務必（千萬）要小心啊！
2）注意：此種強調只用do/ does和did ，沒有別的形式；過去時用did ，后面的謂語動詞用原形。
四、主謂一致：
一致性是指句子成分之間或詞語之間在人稱、數、性等方面的相互一致關系。我們這里主要講主語和謂語的一致。
需要注意以下幾點：
1. 集合名詞作主語時
如表示整體概念，謂語動詞須用單數；如表示成員，謂語動詞須用復數。例如：
The family were watching TV. 全家人在看電視。
My family is a big one. 我家人口多。
常見的這類名詞還有army, audience, class, club, crew, crowd, committee, company, couple, group, government, party, staff, school, team, union, public等。
有些集合名詞（如people, police, youth 等）謂語動詞須用復數。如：
The police were tracking the murderer. 警察正在追蹤兇手。
2. 數詞和表示時間、度、量、溫度、錢額等名詞作主語表示一定的量或總和時，謂語動詞多半用單數形式。如：
Three hours is enough for us to perform this experiment. 我們做這個實驗有三個小時就足夠了。
That five thousand dollars is yours.那五千美金是你的。
3. 在“one of + 復數名詞+定語從句”的結構中，定語從句一般修飾復數名詞，所以該從句的謂語動詞要用復數。如：
This is one of the longest rivers that have ever been seen.這是曾見過的最長的河流之一。
He is one of my friends who are lawyers.我是我當律師的朋友中的一個。
4. 由合成代詞some (any, no, every) + thing (body, one) 作主語，由代詞each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other 作主語，以及由限定詞either, neither, each, every, many a, more than one 等+名詞作主語時，謂語動詞均用單數形式。如：
Noboday knows how many stars there are in the sky.誰都不知道天上有多少星星。
Neither answer is correct.兩個答案都不對。
5. 某些連詞連接的名詞或代詞作主語：根據毗鄰一致的原則，與鄰近的主語一致。這類連詞包括or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等。如：
Neither I nor she was awarded the prize.我和她都沒有獲獎。
在there be 存在句中，多數情況下也可根據毗鄰一致的原則來決定謂語動詞用單數還是復數。如：
There are three patients in the waiting room.候診室里有三個病人。
There is a doctor and two nurses in the clinic.診所里有一個醫生和兩個護士。
五、綜合實例分析：
1. You ought _____ the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.
A. to report
B. to have reported
C. to reporting
D. have reported
答案：B。本句測試情態動詞ought to＋完成時，表示應當做的事情而沒有做。本句的意思是：“前天你應當向經理匯報這件事情。”因此B為正確答案。
2. We look forward to _____ to the opening ceremony.
A. invite
B. be invited
C. having been invited
D. being invited
答案：D。look forward to短語中的to是介詞，因此其后要接動名詞做賓語，又根據題意，要用動名詞的被動。本句的意思是：“我們都盼望著能被邀請參加開幕式。
3. I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village.
A. when
B. during which
C. which
D. in which
答案：C。該題是定語從句。關系代詞which在定語從句中做動詞spent的賓語。
4. Not until most of the people had left the airport _____ his sister was there.
A. that he saw
B. had he seen
C. did he see
D. that he had seen
答案：C。not until 放在句首，句子倒裝。又如：Not until he finished his homework did Li Ming watch TV.李明做完作業后才看電視。
5. It is because she is very devoted to her students _____ she is respected by them.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. who
答案：A。本句為強調句型。It is(was)…that/who；who（只能強調人）；that（可強調人和物）因為本句是強調原因，所以只能選擇A。又如：It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting.就在明天他們要開會。(強調時間狀語) It is they who(that)will have a meeting tomorrow.就是他們明天要開會。（強調人，可以用who或that）
6. I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.
A. were
B. would be
C. had been
D. will be
答案：C。wish 后面的賓語從句中要使用虛擬語氣。與現在的事實相反（用過去時）：I wish I were you .但愿我是你多好啊！與過去的事實相反的愿望（用過去完成時）:I wish he hadn’t made the big mistake.他要是不犯那個大錯誤， 該有多好！與將來的愿望相反即愿望難以實現（用過去將來時）I wish I could be of more use in the future.我希望我將來有點用處。
7. The fisherman, _____ poor, could not buy another boat.
A. is
B. was
C. being
D. been
答案：C。分詞短語作原因狀語。本句的意思是“因為窮，這個漁夫買不起另一條船。”Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.因為太生氣了，他不能入睡。
總之，語法試題要求考生平常要認真學習語法知識，多看一些例句以增強自身的應試能力。另外答題時要特別注意“語境”，即，讀好題干，仔細分析選項，綜合做出判斷。
湖南成人教育學位英語【語法】重點詳細解析（2）：免費下載（word文檔）
